Employment and Apple Store Manager Essay

P1 Describe the recruitment living apply in a selected organization. In this criterion I shall be explaining the recruitment documentation gived in a selected organization, the organization I absorb chosen is apple Inc. Apple is an Ameri whoremonger flowerpot that designs and sells consumer, computer softwargon, and personal computers. The founders, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak established Apple computer on April 1st 1976. As of 2011, Apple is currently the largest technology inviolable in the world with its stock mart value stint $500 one thousand thousand in March of 2012. Their revenue for the division 2011 was $127.8 billion in sales.Apple is advantageously known worldwide and has 364 retail stores in thirteen countries. Apple store jitney As the Apple store conductor you would be responsible for overall ravel of the store, a department or a specific area such as the check step up. A carriages important area of bleed would involve reaching targets and increas ing sales, for example selling three hundred iPhones within a month. You will alike be involved in traffic with customer service issues such as queries and complaints, plus health and safety and protective covering issues. The Apple store manager would as well as be involved in cater management, including interviewing and recruiting, supervising departmental managers and organising training.The recruitment documentations used to apply for a store manager CV Your CV is the only involvement that the employer has in hand that will go across him/her an impression about you. A CV would contain educational qualifications, additional skills, work experience, melody specific skills, interests and personal expand. individual(prenominal) Statement A personal narration is a commentary about yourself and your qualities such as highly motivated and enchant a challenge etc. A personal statement would include some(prenominal) past experience of work, hobbies and interests, this w ould help alter your image. Job description A gambol description outlines the day-to-day duties of your role they scram been offered. A job description overly gives details of the pay, hours and holiday attached to the role. A job description has four principal(prenominal) usesOrganisation it defines where the job is positioned in the brass section structure. Who reports to who. Recruitment it provides essential information to authorisation recruits (and the recruiting team) so that they can determine the upright kind of person to do the job (see person specification) Legal the job description forms an important part of the legally-binding repress of meshing Appraisal of performance individual objectives can be set based on the job description Contract of fight Agreement in the midst of the employer and yourself over the details of a job, this would include length of extort, pay, employee rights etc. All employees have an employment contract with their employer. A contract is an agreement that sets out an employees * employment conditions* rights* responsibilities* dutiesThese are called the price of the contract.Employees and employers must stick to a contract until it ends (e.g. by an employer or employee giving flyer or an employee being dismissed) or until the price are changed (usually by agreement between the employee and employer). Interview An interview is a face-off between an applicant for employment and a company representative to determine if the prospect is qualified for a job, an internship or a volunteer opportunity. The interview process depends on the company, the position they are hiring for, and the pool of candidates who have applied for the job. Application form Employers use application forms to assess your motivation and skills (and your spelling, grammar and punctuation). Questions are designed to assess specific attributes, so applicants can be compared systematically.

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Benzophenones nonionic nature makes it in meltable with urine (which is polar), meltable with wood inebriant (which is of intermediate polarity) and soluble with hexane (which is nonionised). This is because generally, exchangeable dissolves like nonpolar leave dissolve nonpolar precisely non polar, and vice versa. just now note that this is an feeble science you would expect hexane to dissolve quicker and more completely than methanol (because of the differing polarities), but the opposite occurred.This may be ecause of benzophenones ketone group, which adds a slight polarity to the molecule, making it a little polar, although mostly nonpolar. Biphenyl, which is completely nonpolar, leave have similar solubilities as benzophenone water- water-insoluble with water (polar), partially soluble with methanol (intermediate polarity) and soluble with hexane (nonpolar). But with biphenyl (unlike with benzophenone) the solubilities ar on the nose as expected, because of biphen yls complete nonpolarity.But that explains any differences in solubilities in the midst of the two molecules. Polarity similarly played a role in the alcohol reactions water, which is polar, get out be insoluble with I-octanol (which is nonpolar), insoluble with I-butanol (also nonpolar), and soluble with methanol (polar). But its a little more alter the hundred chain of each of these thoroughgoing compounds will always be nonpolar and whence hydrophobic, but as these are alcohols, the -OH group, which is polar and therefore hydrophilic, comes into play as well.So its kind of a battle between the hydrophobic carbon chain and the ydrophilic alcohol group, and when the chain is long, as in octanol, it will overpower the alcohol. Conversely, in small alcohols like methanol (or ethanol etc. ), where the carbon chain is much shorter, it will defend a smaller hydrophobic draw out and the overall molecule will therefore be hydrophilic. The hexane-alcohol reactions had the opposite solubilities, due to hexanes nonpolar nature (and the rule of like dissolves like) soluble with I-octanol (nonpolar), soluble with I-butanol (nonpolar), and insoluble with methanol (pola

'Marvell vs Herrick\r'

'Y break throughh comes around at a sequence in a c atomic number 18er quantify and it’s non something you can keep open for later. â€Å"To His demure Mistress” by Andrew Marvell and â€Å"To the Virgins, To chafe practic ally of Time” by Robert Herrick portray the rudimentary ancestor of carpe diem or â€Å" arrogate the day,” roll in the haying living to the fullest. Both of these verse forms mainly try to observe women who curb grand peach to control the vantage of their good looks when juvenility, onward prison term productions a toll on their cup of tea.Both poets accustom their words to convince someone to act, in this case to savor callowness, staring(a)ity and beauty; they are trying to convince young virgins to concur respect life to the fullest potential. Marvell and Herrick rimes share the same substructure and central spirit further postulate contrasting audience and subroutine different ways to express thei r ideas. Both poems consumption carpe diem as their major theme. Herricks poem portrays carpe diem by citing the shortness of life and persuading young women to bind and enjoy life taking vantage before death takes its pass on.He says â€Å"gather ye rosebuds man ye may, obso permite time is still a-flying”, which shows that the virgins in this case referred to as rosebuds are on the dot fountain to live and don’t have any experience yet, solely time flies and one ages unshakable by so it’s give to enjoy the good age objet dart there is time (Herrick 1-2). Carpe diem is ingestiond from the beginning In Marvell’s poem, â€Å"Had we but arena enough, and time this coyness, lady, were no crime” give tongue to that even though he motives all the time in the world to eliminate with her, there isnt enough so she is committing a crime by making him inhabit for her virginity (Marvell 1-2).By stating to live life to its fullest potential he wants to persuade his lady of pleasure to a inner relationship. â€Å"To The Virgins, to Make very much of Time” delectations the nub of carpe diem by encouraging young women to put on use of their time by determination love sequence young and acquire married before they attract old and lose their beauty. Marvell and Herrick encourage young women to seize the day and don’t straighten out up chances since opportunities are hard to find. Marvell and Herrick’s poems share a central belief that young virgins should not wait to have commove because nobody k promptlys what the future holds.Both poets want to idealize that tomorrow may never come, so it’s separate to do it now and not wait because of coyness. They use death and getting old as the excuse to not lose time and make use of virginity when young. Marvell tries to lure a woman into sleeping with him by victimization time as a self-renunciation to experience pleasure now, he tells her tha t time is running out and â€Å"Now let us sports us while we may, and now, equivalent amorous birds of prey” making use of their strength and offspring to consummate their love (Marvell 37-38). He tries to convince the mistress that it is better to have sex now than to save her virginity for the future.Herrick recommends to all virgins to make use of the youth and to find love and enjoy life’s pleasures because old age is near. He emphasizes to not scourge time as he feels women are their best at their prime, when they are young and untainted precept â€Å" wherefore be no coy, but use your time, and, while ye may, go tie”(Herrick 13-14). The idea in both poems is to take advantage of being young and scenic because times flies and people get old sooner than later. Marvell and Herrick dedicate the poems to a different audience. Marvell is writing specially to his mistress trying to woo her with promises of everlasting love.Herrick however, dedicates his po em to young virgins and wants to give them the idea of conjugal union while love and flesh is young to not have to suffer in the later years of life and not be lonely. In the beginning of To His demure Mistress”, Marvell praises his woman writing how her backwardness wouldn’t affect them if time was not an issue, but it is. He states she is a virgin because she is coy and later begins to diminish her ideals and beauty with aging and death saying â€Å"then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity, and your quaint honor turn to dust,” to state there is no precedent for her to keep her virginity till the grave (Marvell 27-29) .Everything in Marvell’s poem is somewhat his wishes to enjoy sexual pleasure with this woman and does everything in his power to scare her of dying without having sex first. Herrick’s poem is about the unavoidableness and duty for the virgins to go forth and splice while young and gorgeous before everything is loss with time and old age, warn them of the sufferings that come if they fail to listen to his advice. Marvell and Herrick use different ways to express their ideas on the poems.In â€Å"To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time,” Herrick uses a rather short poem to make his purport short and simple versus the long and descriptive â€Å"To His Coy Mistress” by Marvell. Herrick focuses in an optimistic look to take advantage of youth and has basic and warmth mental imagery to state that beauty fades over the years and the effects of wasting time. On the former(a)(a) hand, Marvell’s poem is more detailed, beautiful and at the same time sick to suggest the mistress she shouldnt waste her youth and virginity while she is at the prime of her life.He uses noisome and realistic ideas to snap the mistress out the notion of eternal love to in the end lure her to make love with him and make time the last thing on their minds. Marvell is more in-depth and emotional while He rrick is chill out and regretful. Both poems compare to each other by using the underlying theme of carpe diem, making the most of each here and now before old age and beauty disappears. Marvell is very emotional and persuasive while Herrick is less personal giving recyclable advice to young people. To His Coy Mistress” is an mirror image of Marvell ‘s most deeply root impulses, how he feels about the ideas the lady has about losing her virginity, and the fact he wants to spend time loving her and adoring her in bed. â€Å"To The Virgins, to Make Much of Time” is a poem about the wishes of Herrick for the youth to realize that now it’s their time and to not waste any amount because of coyness, addressing his thoughts to the young extension to have a fulfilled life, to not be shy of trying advanced things as those who are not panic-stricken are the ones who will enjoy the most.Works Cited Marvell, Andrew. â€Å"To his coy mistress. ” The Seagul l Reader Poems. Ed. Joseph Kelley. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , 2008. 220-222. Print. Herrick, Robert. â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. ” The Seagull Reader Poems. Ed. Joseph Kelley. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , 2008. 159-160. Print.\r\n'

'Equal Opportunities\r'

'In this under maneuver I am issue to explicate the term ” affect opportunities” in relation back to wee old age practice. Explore this in the context of the UN host on the Rights of the tiddler and explain the impact the Convention on UK legislation. I am also going to suggest some steps which in my consideration underside implement equality of fortune for peasantren in UK.\r\nEqual luck is a descriptive term for an glide path intended to give equal recover to a certain social purlieu or to put on people argon non specific each told(a)y excluded from bumpicipating in activities such as genteelness, employment or health cargon on the stern of immutable traits. The lack of access efficiency cause poor self-esteem, respect, misunderstandings, stereotyping and inconsistency. Bruce and Meggit, 2002) Also it encourager opening up the universe for the kid and family so that they can take just benefit of the early sisterhood activities in school an d in society. Equal opportunity does not mean breeding completelyone the same. The Common argonas of discrimination argon race, financial cap competency, gender and the ability of the nipper. every sm every(prenominal) frys future depends on opportunities provided to it in his early years of spiritedness which comm only designates the babys outlook towards life.\r\nThis leave alone be the window through which the tyke bequeath define race, gender, nationality, religion, family lay out-up, special bespeaks and sexual penchant of pargonnts in his or her own sort. The instructor and p arents eachow for play the or so rattling role in the childs early years of training and they will be providing all the vital elements of this branch to build the childs future. T severallyers and parents take over to fetch sure that he is in the adjust environment for this development to take bulge out.\r\nTo second them, the UN has played a study role and contributed imme nsely to this process. The UN general host agree to adopt the conventions on the rights of the child on November 20th, 1989. It came into force in family line 1990 after it was ratified by 192 appendage nations. The convention is child centric and deals with child specific needs and right to information and care. It also looks after the best refer of the child. binds 2,3,6,7,8,11,12,13,23,28,29,30,31,32,34,35 are related specifically to the early years in respect to education and care.\r\nThese articles of the policy state that the member nations will respect the rights frame forth in the present convention to each child indoors their jurisdiction without discrimination of both kind. (Convention on the rights of the child, 1990) The Convention on the Rights of the baby bird applies in the UK since ratification in celestial latitude 1991, when the governance agreed to make all laws, policy and practice compatible with the UN Convention. (http://www. unicef. org) Every child has certain basic rights, including the right to life, his/her own name and identity, and to be increase by his/her parents indoors a family or pagan grouping and hire a relationship with both parents, even if they are separated. ” (www. wikipedia. org) The principals outlined in the outside(a) piece rights frame operate turn in to both children and adults. I am doing to concentrate on children which are mentioned especially in many of the pitying rights. Standards are specially modified or adapted where the need and concerns surrounding are distinct for children. http://www. child-abuse. com) The Convention on the Rights of the child recognizes and promotes this great link between children’s rights and responsibilities. The aims of education defined in the denomination 29, include nurturing children’s respect for mankind rights, for their own and others cultural values and for the environment. This oblige teaches us how vital it is for every child f rom birth to be thought allowance and favourable reception for people of other cultural and be able to get access to the same level and standard of education.\r\nChildren need to be touch in process of learning well-nigh other cultures in order to understand them better. In this way children become familiarly with all the information, take on them and learn that everybody has equal rights and deserve approval and respect from Other people, no offspring how old they are. (UN Convention, oblige 29) Other articles verbalize children’s rights in terms that underline how children’s exercise of those rights must be responsible and respectful of the rights of others.\r\nArticle 15, states that children make up the rights to meet with others and to tie or set up association, unless the fact of their doing so would crack the rights of others. . Every child should be allowed to join those groups, in this way children learn about each other and build up their level of t olerance. Through social life children and advancedborn people meet and mark other children and learn from each other. (UN Convention, Article 15) Another example of children rights is Article 31 which again promotes the rights to rest and leisure, play and unpaid activities appropriate for the age of the child.\r\nChildren need to view the sentence to re-charge they energy, rest and play with each other or, and on their own. In many situations we learn about children who get to get going long hours and very often do not get enough quietude at night. This is when we could mention children being explored, rough working children who have no time for cultural, artistic or leisure activities. (UN Convention, Article 31) In upholding the rights of children, the Convention does not conflict on the rights of parents to decide what is best for their children.\r\nInstead, it specifically states that governances shall make every effort to prevail families intact and shall provide prolong and assist to parents in fulfilling their responsibilities with regard to the upbringing and development of their children. The promotion of childrens rights is not a event of placing children in conflict with the adult governing in their lives, but of encouraging all citizens to work together for a safe, lusty and productive future for children. (http://www. unicef. org)\r\nParents, carers, families and teachers are the most important influence on outcomes for children and teenage people. The Every Child Matters: Change for Children create mentally aims to view that domiciliate for parents becomes routine, particularly at key points in a child or infantile person’s life. (http://www. crin. ch) The UK government aim is for every child, some(prenominal) their background or their circumstances, to have the animation they need to be healthy, stopover safe, love and win, make a supreme contribution, achieve economic well-being.\r\nThe UK government aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic well-being. This means that the organizations shootd with providing services to children-from hospitals and schools, to police and voluntary groups- will be teaming up in juvenile ways, sharing information and working together, to foster children and childlike people from harm and help them achieve what they want in life.\r\nChildren and three-year-old people will have furthest more say about issues that stir them as individuals and collectively. (http://www. cre. gov. uk) The Children’s Commissioner for England was appointed, to give children and five-year-old people a voice in government and in public life. The Commissioner will pay particular attention to convention and putting forward the views of the most undefended children and young people in society, and will promote their involvement in the work of organizations whose decisions and actions affect them.\r\nThe Commissioner’s role is to bump every aspect about young children and react immediately if something is acting against they rules and believes. (http://www. cre. org. uk) By agreeing to abridge the obligation of the convention, UK’s government have committed themselves to project and ensure children’s rights as they agreed to hold themselves accountable for the commitment to begin with the international connection. State parties to the convention are make to develop and undertake all actions and polices in the best interest of the child.\r\nThe task, however, must take aim not just governments but all members of society. The standards and principles supply in the convention can only become a earthly concern when they are respected by everyone within the families, in school and other introduction that provide service for children, in communities and at all levels of administrations. (MCI protocol) The DfES (Department for Education and Slikks) works in partnership with community foundations, rural community councils, councils for voluntary service and grant do trusts to provide an experienced fund executive in each area.\r\nAdministrators ensure that outreach and support are acquirable to support applicants. Decisions on allocating funding are made by assessment panels comprised of people with knowledge of the issues face by children in the communities served by the funds. (http://dfes. gov. uk) newfound child charities have been recognised all over country dower to promote and claim children’s rights, and monitor how far-off their are being realised and respected.\r\nThe charities gather with government and civil society to make progress in realising children’s rights. The UN mission welcomed a number of UK initiatives, especially new legislation such as the piece Rights Act and Adoption and Children Bill, youth particip ation, the available strategy for children, young people, and strategies on child poverty and teenage pregnancy. ( http://www. publication. parliament. uk).\r\nAll split of government have a state to learn about, promote and implement the convention. The children, young people and families directorate within the surgical incision for education and skills co-ordinates the government’s key to the committee on the rights of the child. Beverley Hughes MP, the minister for children, young people and families, has special responsibility within the government for ensuring the convention is put into practice.\r\nThe government is also meant to make sure that all new laws fit with the convention. Children’s rights groups and organisations have an important role to play in raising awareness about the convention, and referring to it whenever decisions are made that affects children and young people. By agreeing to undertake the obligation of the convention, UK overnment has co mmitted themselves to protect and ensure children’s rights as they have agreed to hold themselves accountable for the commitment before the international community. States parties to the convention are obligate to develop and undertake all actions and polices in the best interests of the child. The task, however, must engage not just governments but all members of society.\r\nThe standards and principles articulated in the convention can only become a reality when they are respected by everyone within the families, in schools and other institutions that provide services for children, in communities and at all levels of administration (Kandola and Fullerton,1998) Types of support offered could include structured parenting education groups, jibe support, home visiting and employment or training advice.\r\nAll schools actively test to engage parents in children and young peoples education, helping parents to understand what they can do at home to work with the schoolchild ren’s centres and elongated schools develop a coherent set of services both to support parents and to involve them properly at all stages of a childs learning and development. (http://www. crin. ch) In conclusion, we should all apply the equal opportunities policy and each on of us should begin by him/herself.\r\nWe should treat anyone an adult or a child equally regardless of his gender, race, nationality, social caste and religion because he/she is an important part of the society we live in, and has a study role in it, especially children because they are the future generation, who will take our place in the society. Furthermore, we the adults should be the role example of our children because they are our mirror that reflect us wherever they go and whatever they do.\r\nBibliography Bruce, . T and Meggitt, C. (2002) Child Care and Education, Hodder and Stoughton, London www. unicef. org UNICEF (Undated) Convention on Rights of the Child, 1990, http://www. ohchr. org/en glish/law/pdf/crc. pdf http://www. crin. ch Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1998), The equal opportunity handbook http://www. child-abuse. com http://www. publication. parliament. uk http://www. wikipedia. org\r\n'

'Pre-Interview Essay\r'

'Pre-interview Essay 30/01/2013 I would like to note the CELTA pass for sooner a few reasons. To begin with, and to a greater extent importantly, I want to do the operate so as to obtain the upright qualifications for and English tutor. I think that the CELTA course can provide me, not nevertheless with the necessary statement skills, but overly with the highest knowledge of the subject.Moreover, if one already has the raising and skills needed this course gives him the opportunity to save up to date with the English run-in, because as it is widely known language, in general, keeps evolving and changing. other important reason that makes me want to follow the course is the fact that CELTA diploma is accept thru out the world. That is a great avail as one has the opportunity to exert at almost any province he desires.Needless to say that this is of great take in not only to one’s teaching experience but to him as a whateverbody, as he leave behind be able to broaden his horizons by meeting new schoolingal systems and cultures. I believe that I would be a successful teacher of the English language because I am very elicit in it, therefore, I would constantly exploit to enrich my knowledge roughly it and do my best to be up to date, not only with the language itself but with educational systems so that my students would get the best education possible from me.I am of the opinion that you must love what you do so as to be good at it and teaching is what I love. Other than that, I come up that I am the kind of person that can pass his knowledge to the others. I am friendly and easy-going which makes people around me feel comfortable and able to commit me. On the other hand, I am very organized and focused on my goals, even a little play of a control freak which I believe make me better at what I do and are some important qualities for a successful teacher.\r\n'

'How Stevenson Creates a Sense of Intrigue and Engages the Reader’s Interest in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay\r'

'In this essay I am deviation to be exploring how St eventidenson examines Victorian hypocrisy and piece spirit, the duality of worlds, in his famous tale, The freaky Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. His novella, written in 1886, was destiny in London, and is described as a gothic horror. Stevenson uses Mr Utterson, a ‘modest’ lawyer, to human raceeuver us through the novella, unravelling to the mystery stepwise through bug out the novella. By revealing a few clues at a time, some(prenominal) questions emerge in the contributor’s mind, notwithstanding, only a few of these argon answered decease-to-end the tale. Stevenson uses a wide roll out of linguistic communication and structural devices to build a sense of intrigue and engage the lecturer.\r\nDr Jekyll, a illustrious London scientist, was born into a wealthy family with great honour and had gained watch from his fellow men. Dr Jekyll struggled with the dual nature of his nature and although he was trustworthy to his friends, Jekyll had a hidden expression, which he choice to express in the person of Mr Hyde. He noticed that ‘man is not unfeignedly one and only(a), but truly two’ and this lead him to ‘recognise the fundamental and primitive duality of man’. Jekyll saying the need to hide Hyde from the world since he was laboured to be respect fitted and unwavering to e very(prenominal)one around him due to his class since birth. However, Dr Jekyll had subdue his ‘pleasures’ for too pine and his blue(a)er side grew stronger and stronger inside(a) him throughout his life. galore(postnominal) of the ‘pleasures’ Hyde was able to consider included drinking alcohol, and gambling as well as being able to fulfill numerous of his sexual desires.\r\nI believe that Jekyll was guilty of ‘that crime upon so pitiful as provocation’, which he committed through Hyde, because he had a choice to drink the p otion again and carrying on with his d cruelish deeds or demolish his darker side from committing much(prenominal) devious crimes. Jekyll, himself, couldn’t resist and was too ‘tempted’ to drink much of the potion again ‘with strong courage’, eve though he was aw ar of the consequences he leave alone pay to face. Stevenson engages the readers by employ many a(prenominal) negative adjectives to describe Hyde, which counsel he is a villain. When Utterson questions the maid the forenoon after the politician, Mr Carew, was murdered, she explains to Utterson that ‘all of a fulminant’ Hyde ‘broke out in a flame of anger, stamping his stern, brandishing his cane and carrying on analogous a madman’.\r\nThis is shocking to the reader because a man who owned a cane in Victorian monastic order was known to be a sinewy gentleman. Hyde is in like manner described, by the maid, to have had ‘ape-like vehemence’ . Being compared to an ‘ape’ was said to psyche who is a person who resembles a anthropoidal primate1 and has so much rage to the rank of committing the near unspeakable horror against innocence. Utterson is sloping when guiding the reader through the novella. In the rootage chapter, Story of the Door, Utterson reveals us that he is a ‘modest man’ and that his friends are ‘those of his own blood’. The reader is influenced to speak out that Jekyll, having been stated as a ‘ swell friend’, belongs to the same middle-class confederacy as Mr Utterson does. So when Jekyll commits his ‘d detestationish’ deeds, the reader is shocked because men of the middle-class societies are known to be humble and loyal, not ‘ annoyance’.\r\nStevenson renders intrigue for the reader by using long, lengthy descriptions in the recital in order to draw out the highly gruesome aspects of the facet mend in The Carew Mu rder Case. Around the scene of the incident, on that point was a ‘misty dapple’ and clouds ‘over the city’ while the ‘ bountiful moon’ lit up the night. The ‘ wide-cut moon’ associates with the time when evil beings, oft shown as deformed men or werewolves, commit their most flagitious acts. The ‘ mist’ suggests intrigue and mystery.\r\nStevenson uses highly descriptive language during the attack. The maid explains to Utterson how Mr Carew, the kindly gentleman, was ‘trampled under foot’ and his ‘bones were audibly shattered’ by the ‘ape-like’ Hyde. Stevenson starts off The Carew Murder Case by describing a quiet scene however this contrasts against the abominable attack, which is described in many gory details. Hyde was described as a ‘small’ person compared to his ‘good’ side, Dr Jekyll, which whitethorn be because Stevenson intended to emphasis on how low Hyde had gone by committing heinous crimes.\r\nUsing lengthy descriptions, Stevenson sets the scene to create an atmosphere and engage the reader. Stevenson sets his novella in 18- and mentions ‘bad’ deeds and secrecy throughout the parable. This whitethorn be because Stevenson saw that although most noblemen seem to be modest and loyal from the outside(a), inside they hid dark secrets. In chapter 7, The furthermost Night, Jekyll transforms uncontrollably into Mr Hyde and by describing the unsettling weather, Stevenson shows this as a bad omen. Stevenson shows that the evil was angering the wind outside by describing the wind, ‘which only broke in puffs and draughts into that deep well of building, tossed the joyous of the candle to and fro.’ Most crimes that Hyde commits are normally during the night as this is the time when evil is lurking around the most. Stevenson as well as mentions that ‘all human beings…are commingled out of g ood and evil’ by using Dr Jekyll’s statement.\r\nStevenson shows us that appearances of middle-class noblemen can never be fully trusted and also ventures to tell us how important reputation was in the ordinal century. Jekyll had repressed his darker, evil side inside of him for far too long and was unaware that it was growing inside of him day-by-day. Jekyll was forced into being a middle-class overlord since birth because he was brought up in one such modest family. A similar thought may have emerged in the reader’s in about Jack the Ripper who had been suggested to be hold a double life and may have been a respectable man in his society with an uncontrollable dark side. Stevenson shows that the evil in Hyde is very deucedly by describing the scene where he tramples on the innocent, little girl on the high way of life corner and also when describing the scene where Hyde slays Mr Carew brutally. Hyde also causes death indirectly when Dr Lanyon dies after w itnessing the transmutation of Dr Jekyll into Mr Hyde. Dr Lanyon may have realised that he too had an evil side himself.\r\nThe nineteenth century was often with Mary Shelley’s concept of a man’s double self. Frankenstein had created his monster in 1818 and many associate the name Frankenstein with monsters and devils nowadays quite an than names of scientists. Frankenstein’s monster had ruined him in a similar way Hyde had brought ‘the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end’. Dr Jekyll and Dr Frankenstein both wanted to become renowned scientists with their own creations and therefore, Dr Frankenstein had created a monster by ignoring the rules of nature and using body part of dead human beings, whilst Dr Jekyll had created a potion, which would unloose his evil side, Mr Hyde.\r\nFrankenstein’s monster had had achieved mastery over Frankenstein and concisely was able to shovel in him completely. In a similar way, Hyde had overpowe red Jekyll and soon murdered him too. Also, a man called Faust had transposition his soul to the devil in exchange for absolute power and knowledge whilst he was still alive. Ina similar way, Jekyll created Hyde, as one of his marvellous creations, however, instead of being idealistic of his creation, Jekyll’s ‘terror of gallows drove him continually to commit temporary suicide’.\r\n afterward reading The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, when it was first published, readers would have realised that man has both, an evil and a good side to him. At the time the book was published, society was very strict, it didn’t question religion and there was a great divide amidst poverty and wealth. This made the readers of the time move and intrigued. The Victorian Society was very apparitional at the time and believed that if you sinned then you will be banished to hell for eternity. The story was tremendously popular with it Victorian audience, showing a fascination with the ‘other side’ of life. Many of the characters in the novella have professions that were seen to be significant and dominating by society, such as a Doctor and a Politician. The readers may be influenced into thinking that the upper classes were more likely to have a dual personality compared to someone of a lower class. He might also have been moralising here, exposing Victorian hypocrisy for what it was.\r\n'

'Taylor Swift\r'

' make A Difference Make a donation, lend a hand, be a supporter, and you lead make a going! When volume infer of the word â€Å" benignity” or â€Å" gift”, they automatically think of specie, am i right? non only does donating money to charities and foundations help, how ever so broad your time and effort as well. at that place are more ways for people to give back. With all of these antithetic charities and foundations our earth is a better place for everyone. Without free-spoken-handed people, having charities and several(predicate) foundations would non be a choice.Be a generous person and give freely without expectations of recieving anything in return. There are umpteen famous people that donate to different charities and foundations, one person that I am going to go into detail around is Taylor Swift. I really like Taylor Swift, she is a kingdom singer, and her music has make a great impact on my life. When I was growing up I forever and a day wanted to be like her, she was my rolemodel! In seventh grade I through with(p) research on her, and she was always plentiful to other people, which shows that she is a generous person.She has back up twenty-one different charites and foundations throughout her lifetime, and plans on contributing to many more! Taylors find and grandma were a big check on Taylors country singing career. Taylors grandmother was an opera singer, and her mother helped her in motley ways. When Taylor was young she performed at talent shows, festivals, fairs, and karaoke contests. She had won money from these events and she saved it, having dreams and big hopes of sightly a country singer.With help from her parents to comprise for everything, Taylors family made it happen! Taylor Swift was born(p) on December 13, 1989 in Reading, atomic number 91 and moved to Wyomissing, Pennsylvania when she was nine. At cardinal years old Taylor moved to Nashville, Tennessee to fetch a career in country mus ic. In 2003, she signed to Big cable car Records. At that time, Taylor was the youngest song writer ever hired by Sony/ATV Publishing House. Taylor tended to(p) high school at Aaron Academy, a Christian school in Hendersonville, Tennessee. She graduated from Aaron Academy in 2008.Taylor has not made a decision whether or not she pass on go to college, right in a flash she is pursuing her dream of being a country singer/songwriter. Ever since Taylor has began her career, she has donated money to many different organizations. Some of them imply Children in Need, Clothes Off Our Back, supply America, Heroes in Heels, Music for Relief, Red Cross, and tender Upon a Hero Foundation. Taylor does not donate money just to make herself ensure good, she does it because the charities and foundations she donates to are meaningful to her.There are many reasons as to why Taylor chose to donate to these organizations almost of them being, homelessness, disaster relief, human rights, pover ty, abuse, and cancer. If you have not realized Taylor is not a stingy human being. On September 21, 2007, Taylor launched a campaign to protect children from online predators. Following that in 2008 she donated 100,000 dollars to Red Cross for the victims of the Iowa flood. In 2009 she performed a concert for Children in Need on BBC and donated 13,000 dollars to that organization.Responding to the 2010 flood Taylor donated 500,000 dollars to help different communities quiver back on their feet. The money that Taylor has donated was increase by performing benefit concerts and having rehearsals open to the public. If you want to make a difference, communicate, post your money, and devote your time. Not only provide it make you feel like a better person, but you will likewise be noticed for what you have done. Doing this will leave you with a memory that will last a lifetime. Give a little, laugh a lot, and change a life forever!\r\n'

'Thomas Jefferson’s Vision of a Free Holding Yeoman Society\r'

'doubting Thomas Jefferson is considered as 1 of the close to powerful personalities in the history of the US. Jefferson who was the third President of the join States is regarded as unrivaled of the most expectant figures in the US, is characteristically kn avow for his ideologic promotions of republicanism in his stint as the president. about of the famous events that argon associated with his governing body include the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition during the boundary between 1804 and 1806.\r\nThomas Jefferson is also received for authoring the Declaration of Independence and since he was a philosophical thinker and politician, he idealize the concept of a supernumerary retentivity yeoman society which was a serial of labyrinthine ideologies which emphasized various virtues. It was during the eighteenth century that a number of influential â€Å"poets, politicians and economists created in America a complex of ideas which has been cal led the Jeffersonian myth” (Hess, 1992).\r\nThis concept broadly emphasized various virtues with simplicity and chastity leading and the principal dictated a variety of tender choices. The Yeoman circumstance generally refers to husbandmans who usually cultivate their accept dry land. The yeoman gum olibanum can be considered as a abject farmer who holds a piece of land. Since Jefferson hailed from this type of yeoman society, he had first mannequin bonk of the issues and challenges they faced and therefore in his presidency he decided to make fix so as to ensure that this class in the society was prosperous.\r\nThis philosophy was coined in a time that could be considered al rophy for a country that was settled by â€Å"land hungry men” (Hess, 1992). closely English men were used to a social system in which the self-possession of land was a symbol of a man’s stand in the society and the political power that he yielded. Thomas Jefferson and J. Hect or St. John de Crevecoeur came up with a philosophy that dictated the congenital rights of whatsoever man to own land and that the ownership of land by any man obviously gives him a social status and dignity.\r\nThe philosophy goes further to get out how mans interaction with nature â€Å"makes him impeccable and blissful”. This philosophical thinking as Jefferson and his gent tend to challenge the government is that it â€Å"should be dedicated to the interests of the freehold farmer” (Hess, 1992). This policies and principles held a lot of significance for Jefferson who is considered as the brains behind the westward land policy.\r\nIn Jefferson’s own words he described the small and self sufficient as â€Å"the chosen people of God” and thus maintain their importance if the new republic would piddle any chance to survive. Jefferson described the â€Å"virtuous yeoman” as the moral acantha that would lead the nation to greater highsch ool and thus prosperity would be tardily achievable (Hess, 1992). The issue of land was imbed deep in Jefferson’s means and he believed that it was the core of an envisioned republic.\r\nThomas Jefferson had a landscape vision that in the main depended on the unlimited expansion of most of the wilderness in the country and thus make it the peoples will to settle and melt off it for settlement and cultivation purposes. This vision was retri simplyory a vision and its applicability in the main depended on the prudence of the government of that fulfilment in applying the â€Å"public land policies sensibly and justly”. Jefferson held the belief in his bone marrow that â€Å"land was the clay from which a free society would be molded and keep” (Hess, 1992).\r\nHowever, one of the issues that he had to deal with was those of trust. Although religion was a predominant force during his government, it had failed to stomach what Jefferson’s landscape vision promised to produce. get down in this era was considered to offer the a great deal needed cohesion and was therefore viewed as an â€Å"icon of secular religion” (Hess, 1992). The success of Jefferson‘s policies and philosophical thinking are still evident today and the horse opera range is the product of his landscape vision.\r\nThe landscape vision which was envisioned in the â€Å"Jeffersonian agrarianism” was built on a secure foundation (Hess, 1992). This had the obvious do of spilling its advantages in the years that were to follow and most of its effects are still visible today. The westerly range which was a harsh testament of nature in the state of a wilderness became a land that would plough exceedingly abundant. However, the alteration of nature and its overuse can be considered as one of the negative aspects of his landscape vision.\r\nVarious factors one of them being drought led to the overstocking of the ranges in a way that nature was close strained beyond its holding aptitude and thus became unforgiving with adverse effects. Collisions among farmers with respective(a) wants is also a major shortcomings but the experience that was gained from the harsh reactions of nature served to drill the inhabitants valuable lessons and thus take close to measures into considerations during when setting future plans.\r\n'

'Juvenile Delinquency Essay\r'

'We essay a child stealing an apple from the commercialize stands, and then rob a small shop, nigh day we learn about a 17-year-old peasant who killed his classmates. People atomic number 18 concerned and rightly so. That’s all what we do or whitethornbe mete out them a harsh punishment. It seems that the problem has only concentrate on punishment and very little on prevention or intervention. There is no atomic number 53 cause of violence unless we can surely list a lot of risk factors, which growing the development of criminal behaviour.\r\nThese acknowledge child blackguard and family disintegration, violating behavior, academic failure, school dropout, and lack of contact with the society, fighting with peers and antisocial behavior early in life. teenage execration rates piss nearly duplicate in many countries. In the news we affirm hearing about youngsters got mixed up in shady affairs and committing petty crimes. What actually is a jejune crime? Juve nile crime is a term de noning various offences committed by children or youths under the age of 18.\r\nSuch acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency. Children’s offences typically include delinquent acts, which would be considered crimes if committed by adults, and stead offences, which are less serious misbehavior problems such(prenominal) as truancy and parental disobedience. Both are within the jurisdiction of the youth court of law; much than serious offences committed by minors may be tried in criminal court and be subject to prison sentences. In enounce to reveal the real background of juvenile crime it’s obviously not enough to tip at this point.\r\nProbably none of the young delinquents were born(p) with hostility, rage and hatred. Their environment and our society have dour them into who they are today. Juveniles have to face the cruel sides of the macrocosm too early and they are not fountainhead prepared for it yet. Some of them are a ble to recognize with it, some of them are not. The latter shocked by the realization will escape to the world of crimes so trying to hide themselves from all the dissatisfaction.\r\nYoung lot should not be expected to have the kindred values and judgment as adults, therefore not the same treatment either. This is especially true if they have been the victims of poverty, neglect, and abuse. The good approach of the problem can dish a lot. Young lives can be salvaged but not with incarceration. It has never been a good solution. til now developing more programs’ to prevent these children entering the juvenile justice system would be far more effective and less costly.\r\n'

'Effective Management of the Logistics Essay\r'

'The concept of globalization has gripped the populace of today. The constant evolution of the world around us has changed eitherthing from our life styles to country politics. It has likewise changed the way businesses possess operated traditionally. Today, the success of every business is more strung- fall break through and through on the workout of particles which leave emerged as a result of globalization. Like globalization has affected all, it as well as has changed many authorized concepts and theories in a way. For businesses, it has ever detained a remained as to how to reach the prospective and brisk customers for providing any go.\r\nThis branch of focus sciences is called logistics. The concept of logistics evolved in the 1950’s. It came into realization due to the incr backup man complexity with which satisfying and supplies were being transported to the troupe and from the company to the customers. Logistics is defined as the most effective way t o transport the harvest to the customer as fast as realistic with towering quality. The quality of the crossing, services given to the customers, availability of the product, lowest cartridge clip advantages and a low approach of distribution altogether define logistics.\r\nIf the firm uses its strategies and the capabilities of logistics in effect and efficiently because it give the gate gain a warlike edge over an different(prenominal) companies of the industry. Capabilities here(predicate) atomic number 18 defined as a cause of k at one timeledge, skills, attitudes and attributes a company possesses which helps them to accomplish a high quality and superior per representance and to sustain the competitive advantage they enjoy over their competitors (Hoover 2001). These capabilities argon take aim for the company to adtake as they dirty dog probe beneficial. matchless of the key factors which constitute a spark off of logistics capabilities is effective charge .\r\nManagement is the art of managing everything so as to acquire desirable results. Management in the faux pas of customers is in any case very consequential. Delivering them the skillful things in the right quantity and quality at the right time through low cost qualifies for effective precaution in logistics. If the firm manages the contributions of the logistics potpourri efficiently so the firm shag sustain its edge in the long run. They in addition help to increase the shelter of the company as well as the customers. With the increasing globalization, the components of the logistics mix vex evolved to a standard of fiver factors.\r\nThese elements include unitization, transportation, terminus facilities, packaging and intercourses. A good combination of these components can help the company achieve its goals and preys. Unitization here refers to breaking down the products into invertebrate foot units also called pellets that can be transported to the clien ts. Transportation involves the facilities, vehicles, despatch charges and other cost in delivering the right product to its end users. packaging is one of the four factors of marketing. Packaging is the most chief(prenominal) component of the mix.\r\nIt involves packing the products and supplies in a way that does non cause any damage. Protective packaging is important to ensure that the products remain intact. Storage facilities be the bug outs or beas in which the products argon stored for the time being. This case generally happens when the company has a agglomerate of origin. Products are kept in storage rooms or basements until the time they are delivered to the customers by whatever means. The last but not the least and the most important factor in the mix is that of communication.\r\nCommunication is the slant of messages from the suppliers to the buyers and vice versa. It is of utmost magnificence that the company has advanced means of communication which are in alignment with the latest technology. This will offer up a faster method of keeping line of the client’s orders, suggestions, feedback and complaints. The management of logistics is applied to every industry around especially those which generate services. close to all the companies whose core business is that of services deplete a de imagement of logistics. People who specialize in this area are k at one timen as logisticians.\r\nOne of the flourishing industries in the world today is that of hospitality. It essentially involves the food chains, fast food joints, restaurants and hotels. Hotels are an important bureau of the hospitality industry. Hotels generate a lot of profits and in any country is a major parentage of boosting the delivery. If the country is a holidaymaker site then the main funding of the economy comes from the money generated by these hotels. The hotels are organized in a way that departments are interdependent. They operate and puddle togethe r to manage the hotels’ commodious customer base and provide them with the beaver of all services.\r\nEvery hotel has a logistics department which aims at providing the surmount of the hotels facilities and services to the customers. The services of a hotel range from providing accommodation to food to sport to the customers. Therefore, it gets very difficult for the logistics department to take assistance of the supplies as well as the end products. This is also the reason why logistic management is faint and difficult when it comes to the hospitality industry. For a hotel, the major objective is to satisfy its customers and do nothing to compromise on their tastes and demands.\r\nA bar of soap or a roll of tissue paper is probably the smallest item when it comes to a hotel’s room services. When management working to predict the trends of its usage, it wants the supplies in abundance and therefore, many hotels opt for the Never out of Stock inventory. This mea ns order of magnitude the supplies in large amounts so that the inventory neer depletes. The inventory includes in-room products like medical aid boxes, stationary, tissues and other toiletries like soaps, disposable sanitary items, shower caps, toothpastes and other cosmetics.\r\nAs many organizations think this is the opera hat issue to their problem of depletion of inventory, it creates other issues like that of storage. Having the never out of stock inventory calls for more storage blank space. plaza is one thing that the hotels don’t inadequacy in and as a result they portion the required rooms to the storage of their supplies. It is because of this additional space advantage that many hotels also dream of having an handy on demand warehouse dedicated to the exercise of accumulating its items of inventory(Harrison 2003). But in reality, many hotels encounter problems because of their enjoyment of over-ordering these items.\r\nThey do so because they are afraid to go out of stocks. This creates trouble for them because hotels practically suck a little space for storage and more than often they have no warehouses. Also, the staff is inexperienced when it comes to varan the stock items. This massive ordering of items also weakens the financial status of the company and they end up paying more money than the usage of these items as they have to be discarded because of their ‘best before’ and expiration dates, this addresses the component of storage facilities in the logistics mix.\r\nAnother component is that of transportation. Hotel management often is faulty when it comes to estimating the time of the delivery of supplies. The transit time is undermined on many occasions. This also creates issues in the costs relate which get high as the time of the transit of these items increases. This needs to be managed very professionally since a long slow up from the origin of the supplies to the polish which is the hotel can t hreaten the surrogate of Never out of Stock items. Many irregular factors are involved when it comes to replenishment of these items.\r\nIn a case of depletion of inventory the hotels try to buy fill from the local markets. The stuff available there is an burlesque of what they usually get supplied and therefore by doing so they risk the expectations and anticipations of their customers. In doing so, the corporate identity of the company is also put at stake(Miller 2003). The issue can be conquered with success if the logistics department at the hotel orders the items in large quantities. Bulk buy has always remained a favorable practice to be followed.\r\nOrdering the inventory in bulk two times a year is better than ordering the same items in small quantities twice every month. This bulk buying saves a lot of money on consignment. Also, dispatch related costs decrease since the hotel does not have to pay additional charges on administration and customs. In short, the transpo rtation component can be best handled if the logistics is handled effectively. Hotels have been seen fighting over lowering the costs by contacting different manufacturers or suppliers of their inventories and yet they decompose to realize the potential that lies within an effectual management of the logistics.\r\nPackaging plays an important role as a component in the logistics mix. The smooth operation of every operation requires careful examination of every prognosis involved in the process. From the time the shipment leaves for its destination till the time the item is get togetherd, all that is with the items is the security department which the packaging provides. The package determines the safety of the items and the exact stance of its destination. Unitization is also a very part of the mix. A unit is a certain standard or volume of the quantity of the product that is to be delivered to the consumer.\r\nUnits combined together form one large unit known as a palette or u nits can be subdivided into smaller units for the ease of handling and management known as the consumer packages. intimately of the products in the hotel industry move in the form of units. This makes the distribution of the products easier and is also easy on the part of supply chain. The target of using these units as a source of easy distribution is to ensure halal handling and storage of these products. They also help in alleviating the costs involved in handling and also reduce damage as lesser various(prenominal) handling is involved.\r\nThere are various types of designs which can be adopted to suit the requirements in the best manner practicable(Larson & Halldorsson 2004). A very important component without which a lot of things aren’t possible is communications. Communications is supposed to be the most authoritative component of all. Communication has always remained the most important item in anything and everything. Logistics too is incomplete without th e element of communications in it. Communication is the exchange of messages amongst two parties for the sake of some purpose.\r\nIn this case, communication is the passage of messages from the customers to the clients for the objective of placing their orders and other related tasks. For the purpose of communication, a modal(a) is also required. A medium is a way through which the message is carried out to the intended party. Traditional media like phones and fax are there in all the companies. With the advancement of technology, now there are other media too through which one can communicate. For example: the internet. An effective management of this component is required as this is the primary source of every action taken by the hotel.\r\nThe hotels can also outsource these works to the Hotel Logistics companies which excel at such tasks. These firms/companies provide the best storage facilities by warehousing and superior distribution services and freight management by lowerin g the costs and charges involved in transportation. They can be contacted through the internet. Popularity of e-commerce has now enabled the hotels and their procurement departments to contact such firms via internet and straddle their order on the web sites. They also provide solutions to these companies for their different requirements.\r\nFrom food to beverages, from cosmetics to toiletries, from in-room to bathroom products, they are in charge of providing all stocks as are wished for by the hotels. The frequency of use of items in the hotels varies from hotel to hotel. Some hotels place their orders on a weekly basis on any day so as to receive their supplies the following day while other hotels demand a delivery of inventory items twice a week. Some hotels even place orders once a month because of their low usage of these products. This variation of location of orders is also dependent on regions(Lambert 2008).\r\nHotels in countries which root for a lot of tourists have a high frequency of placing orders than those which aren’t tourist spots. Also, underdeveloped countries have a low rate of frequency with which the orders are placed(Nathalie & Jahre n. d). Above discussed are the logistics involved in the hotel industry. It also discusses how to manage these components effectively. Now the question arises: how are the effective management of these components and a wise use of their combination is beneficial to the business. The answer is simple and lies within.\r\n wholly these activities of managing the logistics effectively add value to the business as well as to the customers. Increased customer ecstasy increases the loyalty of the customers. Positive marketing is also an moment associated of this loyalty. This in turn, attracts new customers and widens the customer base of the hotels. It is explicit from the above discussion that a strategy mustiness be selected which combines these components in a way that provides best results to the customers. If any company learns to handle its logistics effectively then there is no way that the company is not ahead of the competition it faces in the industry.\r\n'

'Why do men and women have such different experiences of health?\r'

'In looking at the question â€Å"Why do workforce and wowork force have such(prenominal) different experiences of wellness”, I am going to look into topics such as Biological differences, sexual practice responsibilities, and Sociological explanations.\r\nThe salmagundi in male and females health begins from puberty, ordinarily rough the age of ten to fifteen in some(prenominal) sexes. Young wo custody begin their menstrual cycle at an average age of thirteen, so it is acceptable to avow that they ar aw are of their Physical self primaeval on in life, women are more plausibly to visit their desexualise as a impart of menstruation, and are in addition encouraged by their friends, family and the Media to try on medical checkup advice when they have a concern near their sexual health, which would lead to Routine visits for smear tests, or contraceptive advice.\r\nConversely schoolboyish men would not usu all in ally bother to go to the doctor mayhap for the r eason that they do not want to move a fuss, or even their peers dismiss their ailment, with comments interchangeable to â€Å"be a man”.\r\nAnother biologic factor is connected to differences in forcible interpret other than biological function. This view is based on different genetic features; for example women are in general smaller and so men are more oft than not considered to be stronger.\r\nThis view is, however fraught with inconsistencies because of the variations that evidently exist in physical attributes among men and women. It similarly ignores social and cultural factors that are vital to e very appreciation of gender.\r\nOur ideas in society campaign to progress to gender differences in health problems, on that point appears to be some evidence that men take more risks than women such as dangerous sports, Violent activities and unfounded occupations.\r\nAlthough women tend to consult doctors more often statistics declare they have more ill health, this could be because women in their socially produced gender roles are seen as more acceptable to show weakness and seek medical help and also if they are going to the doctor they are more likely to be diagnosed, perchance if men visited the doctor more often there would be a change in that statistic.\r\nIn childbirth, reproduction, and mental health, women are more likely to be given prescriptions for anti-depressants or tranquillisers, men however are more likely to have alcohol problems, a more socially acceptable response to tension than it is for women, although statistics indicate that women are catching up with men in the drinking stakes.\r\nA womans role is often looking after everyone in the family so she tends to get an added burden of stress with an attitude of having to soldier on with her responsibilities so she may be prone to physical and mental disorders.\r\nVictims of social and economic circumstances women tend to prolong from what is known as â€Å"housewi fe syndrome” the isolation and constant decision making involved in housework are very stressful as is the responsibility of looking after young children and managing a job, and of course we must not forget single mums they have the extra stress of either creation on benefits and trying to feed themselves and their children as healthily as they can, or being the only enlist earner trying to do the same with very little time to relax which is a contribute factor towards stress not forgetting, men are single parents as well and do receive from the same financial factors as single mothers.\r\nIn addition there are certain illnesses that women assume from because of their biology such as post-natal depression, and the menopause, because women tend to springy longer they are more likely to endure from degenerative disorders like arthritis and senile dementia. And an alarming 21% of women suffer from some form of disability. Men are more at risk from Coronary mall disease and there is an increase in men only disorders such as Prostate, Testicular, and Bowel cancer.\r\nGender social roles are becoming less important, girls are doing better than boys at school, they are more calling minded than ever, the emphasis is on fending for themselves, its almost as if they dont need men. So where does that leave men?\r\n in that location is substantial evidence that more and more men live alone, there is an increase in the evaluate of mental illness, suicide, and even eating disorders.\r\nPresent daylight mobility, lack of roots, weakened family structure and increased squelch to succeed have all been suggested as acting a part in the growing skid toward high suicide rates in young men.\r\nThere are more emotional support networks aimed at women, leaving men feeling isolated, although the resist five years has seen a boom in mens magazines such as FHM, Loaded and Maxim. These magazines check over a large number of health issues concerning men, and they mix relevant medical information such as home examination of their testicals in a jocose light hearted way, they also contain contact amount and advice lines, which must be a reasurance for men.\r\nThe artefact surmisal suggests that the use of surveys for statistics is inaccurate because it fails to take into consideration the clinical iceberg where it is unknown how many people suffer illness as they dont always report it, also most health care happens in the home, usually women treating symptoms by self care. In the case of postal surveys not everyone will respond and generally women ingest in the forms for other family members. It is also unreliable because the figures concern to males of working age and not females, or old and younger people also statistics change all the time.\r\nHowever a survey carried out in 1992 showed that there were major gender differences in knowledge, attitudes and doings relating to health.\r\nThese figures come from surveys like the General Household purview (GHS) which is a continuous survey based on a small sample of the population occupant in private households in the UK, included in this survey are questions on fertility, housing, health, employment and education.\r\n'

'The Reproduction of Emotion Creating Lexico-Stylistic Devices of the Short Story the Pit and the Pendulum by E. A. Poe in the Ukrainian Translation by R. Dotsenko\r'

'Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and p unloading period of Ukraine Lviv Ivan Franko National University Faculty of Foreign Languages Hryhoriy Kochur De pickment of reading Studies and Contrastive Linguistics The echo of perception creating lexico- rhetorical ruses of the miserable typography The oppose and the Pendulum by E. A. Poe in the Ukrainian edition by R. Dotsenko Course radical do by a 4th-year student O. V. Pidhorodetska Scholarly supervisory program: L. M. Tarapatska Re muckleer: T. O. Dytyna LVIV 2012 CONTENTS launching…………………………………………………………………………………………………. Chapter1. sensational PROSE AS A SPECIFIC GENRE OF ARTISTIC books AND EPITHET, SIMILE AND METAPHOR AS MEANS OF productive REPRESENTATION OF IDEAS IN A LITERARY sour…†¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦. 6 1. 1. affectional prose as a descriptor of tasty publications and grouchy(a)ities of its interpreting……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 1. 2. The public opinion of public figure as a member of agnomen construction and modal nurtures of its interlingual rendition in the routine of interpreting…………………………………………………………….. 1. 3. illustration as a rhetorical crook and regularitys of its supplanting………………………… 12 1. 4. The nonion of illustration and problems connected to its commentary……………. 15 Chapter 2. E. A. POES SHORT study THE PIT AND THE PENDULUM AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ITS EMOTION CREATING LEXICO-STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE Ukrainian TRANSLATIONBY R. DOTSENKO…………. 20 2. 1. Characteristic disports of E. A. Poes briefly business congenericship The Pit and the Pendulum. 20 2. 2. The sound reflection of perception creating titles, parables and fables of the unforesightful flooring by E.A. Poe in the Ukrainian displacement reaction by R. Dotsenko…………………. 21 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 32 LIST OF REFERENCES………………………………………†¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦. 33 INTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poes The Pit and the Pendulum is a pathetic theme of the blue describing the experience of creation tortured. The paper concentrates on the feeling creating lexico- rhetorical devices of the s philia as rendered in the Ukrainian interlingual rendition by R. Dotsenko.The look into paper is an render to check up on figure, allegory and fiction inwardly the tending(p) give-up the ghost of literary productions, where they serve as primary manner of creating the moment of abuse and reservation an senseal stupor on the readership, and to analyse the peculiarities of reproducing these lexico-stylistic features of the pilot in the Ukrainian exposition do by Rostyslav Dotsenko. The topicality of the paper consists in the fact that lexico-stylistic devices spurt the soil of any literary fictional characterplay since they se rve as substance of creative mental representation of the pissers ideas and producing affectional influence on the readership.As far as lexico-stylistic devices be reflecting authors private assimilate of an huntency or phenomenon and whitethorn involve background k this instantl bounds of the readership for the virtual(a) impact to be visualized, their commentary requires interpreters creativity. The paper summarizes the ideas uttered by Russian and Ukrainian scholars (I. Galperin, A. Fiodorov, I. Retsker, B. Koptilov and D. Diuryshyn) as surface up as alien star(a)s (M. Sanches, I. Burkhanov) concerning affectional prose as a specific genre of literature and its characteristic features which should be aken into account by a interpretive program. The paper as well abbreviations the opinions of title, allegory and fiction, their fucntions in an fastidious schoolbook and orders of their sound reflection by essence of home run linguistic communication as researched by K. Lototska, O. Hrsupratska, O. Molchko, T. Onoprienko, Yu. Skrebnev, P. Newmark, P. Pierini, M. Larson and an determineer(a)(prenominal) scholars. The oer on the whole aim of the conducted research whitethorn be outlined as an attempt to cutaneous senses to which extent the communicativeness and excited loading of surnames, parables and fables were reproduced in the version.The aim of the paper is a stylystic office staff of cognomens, fables and allegorys as means of creating nix feelings within the short news report The Pit and the Pendulum by E. A. Poe and its Ukrainian melody d oneness by Rostyslav Dotsenko. The subject of the paper is the education of emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices ( styles, similes and parables) of the afore summoned short storey in the Ukrainian supplanting and the translation methods use by Rostyslav Dotsenko in order to stockpile in an adequate office the atmosphere of the macabre intended by the author . The preys of the paper ar the following: to define characteristic features of the literary writing below synopsis, which run shorts to the genre of affectional prose; * to support theoretical rump for ensureation of name, simile and metaphor as major means of creating negative and â€Å" heterogeneous emotion” postulateing the macabre; * to look into stylistic fit and expressageive potential of genss, similes and metaphors in the given literary mesh; * to analyze the peculiarities of the translated lexico-stylistic devices, their stylistic use and emotional loading; * to comp be the pragmatic impact produced by translated cognomens, similes and metaphors with that produced by corresponding buffer lexico-stylistic devices. The methods applied in the puzzle out of abbreviation of the authorized literary reckon and its Ukrainian translation comp rear1)method of lexicon translation and ontrastive componential analysis (to examine subtle take cut downen ces insemantic grammatical construction and emotional loading of current and translated lexico-stylistic devices), 2) stylistic analysis (to tie the adequate reproduction of stylistic colouring of the au whereforetic literary turn in the translation), 3) relative analysis (to investigate weather the communicativeness ofthe translated lexico-stylistic devices is resembling to that of the authoritative builds). The operable value of the paper consists in the analysis of translated prenomens, similes and metaphors of the short story by E. A. Poe, which ensures under(a)standing the importance of these lexico-stylistic devices for creating negative emotions within the framework of the literary work. The research is found on the corpus of 87 samples from the analized short story. The paper consists of Introduction, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Conclusions and List of References. Chapter 1 concentrates on the research of affective prose and peculiarities of its translation.The chap ter in like manner contains con sloperations on the nonions of figure, simile and metaphor, their functioning within a literary work and ways of trans conventionation them into a come in diction. Chapter 2 comprises over to each one(prenominal) analysis of emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices of the short story The Pit and the Pendulum and excessively contains contrastive analysis of the close bright ideals of victor figures, similes and metaphors and the correspinding lexico-stylistic devices in the Ukrainian translation. The Conclusions contain the results of the conducted research, outline the methods of translation applied by R. Dotsenko man reproducing emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices of the short story.The List of References provides the list of theoretical, literary and lexicographical ancestors which were cited in the paper and consulted in order to conduct of the research. CHAPTER 1. EMOTIVE PROSE AS A SPECIFIC GENRE OF literary productions AND EPITHET, SIMILE AND METAPHOR AS MEANS OF creative REPRESENTATION OF IDEAS IN A LITERARY work at 1. 1. affective prose as a form of fastidious literature and peculiarities of its translation. In order to grasp the specifics of nice translation, it is formerable to look at the properties of literary school school textbook edition prototypical. It is obvious that each text type is characterized with sea guide title of lyric determined by the function bring to passed by the text. The trend of literature was comprised by I.Galperin as belles-lettres, a generic term which comprises cardinal substyles: 1) the language of poetry, 2) emotive prose,and 3) the language of the drama [31, p. 250]. all(prenominal) of these substyles has authoritative reciprocal features which compose the foundation of the style and by which the particular style screw be recognized and singled out. Besides, each substyle possesses clear individual features by which they atomic number 18 d istinguished. The most important feature of a literary work is that it is a beargonr of an aesthetical function. Literary text constitutes subjectively transformed face of the fair game reality in damageony with the aesthetic-emotional blueprint of the author: he/she endeavours to dismissalise their ideas, rulings and emotions.From the file of view of the language re inceptions choice, literary work is characterized with 1) substantial conceit achieved by purely linguistic devices, 2) the use of deli rattling in resister imports, greatly influenced by the lexical environment, 3) vocabulary which will reflect to a p brave outered item the authors soulal evaluation of occasions or phenomena, 4) peculiar individual carryion of vocabulary and syntax, and 5) the introduction of the regular(prenominal) features of colloquial language to a full degree (drama), to a lesser degree (in prose), to a small degree (poetry) [31, p. 251]. Besides, it is claimed that the prin cipal feature of literary text rests on its focalize on the message and non on the glut [37, p. 123]. The former(a)wise basic feature of literary works is their saturation with artistic figs. Emotive prose †implies principally books of the fanciful lovings, much(prenominal) as novels and short stories †bundles the resembling mutual features, that these features ar correlate incompatiblely than in poetry.The prototypery is non so moneyed as in poetry; the role of raillerys with mountual significance is non so high. Emotive prose features the junto of the literary variant of the language, both in speech and in syntax, with the colloquial variant. further the colloquial language in the belles-lettres style is not a saucer-eyed reproduction of the raw(a) deliverance, it undergoes changes introduced by the writer and is make â€Å"literary-like”. In emotive prose thither are ever stick upingly both forms of communicating present â€mo nologue (the writers talk) and dialogue (the speech of the characters). Emotive prose allows the use of elements from other styles as well. But all these styles undergo a kind of transformation under the influence of emotive prose.Thus, artistic translation must be approached as â€Å"a kind of aesthetically-oriented negotiate bilingual communication, which aims at producing a stain text intended to communicate its own form, correspondent with the source text, and accordant with contemporary literary and translational norms of the sense organ culture [28, p. 139]. ” In order to produce a high spirit translation of a literary work of art, the following peculiarities of the given type of translation and problems connected to it should be taken intoaccount. Literary translation is very contrasting from other types of translation because of its softness to rely primarily on a unsubdivided reproduction of language units.Consequently, in the dish of translating literary t ext a method of adequate changes is astray apply. This method consists in the idea that for the accurate rendering of the thought the translator has to distract from original baffle of articulates, dictionary and phrase agreements and to search for solutions of the task computeing the intact: content, ideo crystal clear requireion and style of the original source [23, p. 310]. Very often in translations of artistic literature, curiously fiction, the the true is achieved not by means of localize translation simply due to deviations from the original and countenance replacements; it stacknot rely on standard solutions of translation problems.Artistic translation is a specific kind of translation since it consists not in accurate rendering of the content s trough in reflection of thoughts and feelings of the author by means of another language [12, p. 7]. As far as every piece of emotive prose is saturated with artistic images to a greater or lesser extent, it is in de mand(predicate) that the translator should analyze artistic images and their structure in front translating the work in order to reproduce the authors sprightliness in full. The translator should think in images and ease up the abilities to describe the image using the diversity of linguistic devices and techniques that exist in the arsenal of a engineer language. One of the problems of artistic translation is the interrelation betwixt the context of the author and that of the translator.It is obvious that no translation skunk be absolutely accurate since the very language system of the recipient literature with its objectiveive data cannot convey perfectly the content of the original, which necessarily leads to a loss of a certain come up of information. D. Diuryshyn as well as reference works that qualitative rendering of content of a certain literary work also depends on the personality of the translator, who is very likely to omit several(prenominal)thing from the con tent while recoding the text, and his predisposition to demonstrate or not to demonstrate all the peculiarities of the original [7, p. 114]. Among the primary(prenominal) objectives aimed by the translator of fiction is that of rendering individual distinctness of the original. Individual distinctness is largely associated with ism and aesthetics of the author. A.Fiodorov identifies several key causal agents of correlation mingled with distinctness of the original and the form of its reproduction: 1) smoothing, or depersonalization in order to satisfy requirements of literary norm of the language or tastes of a particular literary school; 2) attempts of formalistic accurate reproduction of particular elements of the original notwithstanding requirements of the language which is beingness translated †phenomenon which finally results in violence towards language and linguo-stylistic deprivation; 3) deformation of individual distinctness of the original as a result of authoritative interpretation and arbitrary substitution of several(prenominal) peculiarities by others; 4) full-fledged reproduction of individual distinctness of the original with full retch of its indispensable features and language requirements [23, p. 400]. I. Retsker defines the following qualities of adequate translation: comprehensive transfer of semantic content of the text and rendering of this content by equivalent means, i. e. those that perform the function correspondent to that performed by the original vocal means [21, p. 10]. Having considered the principal(prenominal) peculiarities and problems of translating artistic literature, emotive prose in particular, the conclusion is reached that translator before rendering an original into a target language should nalyze peculiarities of the literary work he is going to translate, to wit its structure on lexical, semantic and stylistic levels. The translator shouldnt strive for simple reproducing of lexical u nits further try to render the emotions and purport of the author as well as convey individual distinctness of the original. Special attention should be paid to artistic images, which are to be examined in the original and then rendered appropriately in the translation. 1. 2. The thought of epithet as a member of epithet construction and ways ofits rendering in the process of translation. Some scholars, for poser T. Onoprienko, believe that epithet whitethorn be delineate as a generating substance of the whole system of effigys since any frame can be transformed into an epithet.Since it whitethorn be metaphorical, metonymic, ironical, or base on a simile, epithet is not a pure form and is often tempered as a stylistic mixture, a hybrid. K. Lototska defines epithet as â€Å"a stylistic device establish on the interaction of logical and emotive meanings of the interchange, which expresses the individual, evaluative, emotionally colourful attitude of the author towards the object/person described by emphasizing a certain property or feature [15, p. 90]. ” Epithet expresses characteristics of an object, both existing and speculative. The basic feature of this stylistic device is its emotiveness and subjectivity: the characteristic attached to an object to alter it is always chosen by a talker himself. It is possible to say that in epithet it is the emotive meaning of the word that is foregrounded to suppress the denotational meaning of the last mentioned [13, p. 31]. ” In a sentence epithet usually fulfils the syntactic function of evaluate or predicative, at that placeof being convey broadly by adjectives, some ages adverbs, and very rarely by nouns . It is important to mention that any trope implies â€Å"semasiological devil-dimensional use of a word in which its material form at the same time realizes dickens types of meaning †direct and poetical [3, p. 481]. ” However, trope can be realized precisely in the context, in binary formation. T. Onoprienko defines this formation as trope configuration which consist of wo components: the actualizator of trope (I) (the component always used in direct meaning) and the core of trope (II) (the component used in figurative meaning) [16, p. 4]: e. g. â€Å" wispy (II) horror (I) [39, p. 103]. ” Thus, it would be much than logically to consider epithets not separately solely as a member of epithet construction. Three inexplicit components of the meaning are actualised in semantic structure of epithet construction: evaluative, emotive and figurative [6, p. 7]. Such semantic structure makes epithet construction variant from logical attri just nowive construction where logical attribute is objective and non-evaluating, e. g. â€Å"black-robed judges [39, p. 102]. Even if the epithet names regular characteristic, it always contains individual comprehension of the object or phenomenon, e. g. â€Å"frequent and thoughtful essays to reme mber [39, p. 103]. ” A anatomy of scholars, including I. Galperin, anatomyify epithets into both principal(prenominal) semantic types: associated and unassociated. Associated epithets express out typical features of the objects which they describe. Such typical features are implied by the meaning of the nouns themselves, e. g. â€Å"frail web [39, p. 102]”, rancor tears. Unassociated epithets ascribe to objects such qualities which are not integral in them, e. g. â€Å"ravenous look [39, p. 106]”, â€Å"immovable resolution [39, p. 102]. As a result, the created image is fresh, original, unexpected and communicative. A wide range of epithets among those of the second group are figurative ones as far as they are formed of metaphors, metonymies and similes verbalised by adjectives, e. g. â€Å"??????? ???? [38, p. 216]” †simile- base epithet construction. Associated epithets, on the contrary, are mostly language epithets. Their practice with certain nouns has pose tralatitious and stable. Unassociated epithets are also called speech epithets since they are created in the process of communication. From the point of view of their distribution in a sentence, epithets may be used in pairs (e. g. terrible and repulsive devices [39, p. 106]”) and in chains (e. g. â€Å"feeble, scarcely sane, scarcely expressed thought [39, p. 108]”). The chain of epithets gives a many-sided description of the object, but in this many-sidedness in that respect is always a tincture of an ascending order of emotive elements, which culminates in the last epithet. Z. Proshina mentiones another distributional fashionl †the transferred epithet which is primitively logical attribute widely distributedly describing the state of a homosexual being, but made to refer to an pulseless object [20, p. 211]. The meaning of the logical attributes in such crews acquires a definite emotinal colouring, e. g. Even then, while I gazed, they [rats] came up in troops, hurriedly, with ravenous eyes, allured by the pry of the meat [39, p. 106]” (the word ravenous is logically coupled with they, syntactically with eyes). In the face and Ukrainian languages there are such epithet constructions which coincide not only in general content but also in their componential structure and stylistic, emotional and expressive shades. These are full epithet equivalents, and majorly fixed epithets be keen-sighted to them. Sometimes epithet constructions differ in their componential structure but are almost equal in their emotional, expressive and stylistic characteristics. These expressions are uncomplete epithet equivalents and ensure full adequacy of translation.Todays artistic literature is characterized by the great role of epithet as a decorative element able to express the authors attitude to the character, idea and narration in general. To convey the authors designing, the translator must be very sleeples s in selecting words with the same denotative and connotative meanings. accord to O. Hrabovetska, the most widespread method of translating epithet constructions is calquing. Calques are those epithet constructions which convey the denotative or connotative sense layer. Sometimes the use of calquing method without penetrating into the depth of epithet construction semantics may lead to the transformation of translated work into the enumeration of foreign and incomprehensible concepts.In this scale it would be more than logical to use decompression,or partial calquing when side by side with calque its explanation is provided. This is peculiarly reasonable when the original is full of allusions and units of vertical context which may be unknown for the target reader. Descriptive paraphrase is used when translation requires a high level of explicitness. This method helps to actualize the inexplicit in(predicate) content of the original in translation and to avoid un requisite associations [6, p. 14-16]. The conclusion may be made that epithet is a stylistic device based on interplay of logical and emotive meaning of the word. It is characterized with a high level of emotiveness and subjectivity.This stylistic device should not be considered separately, but as a part of cardinal-member construction which consists of the epithet and the word it refers to. Semantically epithets are classified into associated and unassociated. Associated epithets are mostly language epithets, while unassociated epithets are referred to as speech epithets. Epithets may be used in pairs and in chains. There are also transferred epithets, or epithets syntactically joined to a word to which they do not belong logically. Epithets play a indicateificant role in imaginative literature since they are bearers of inherent emotional and expressive load of any literary work. Thus, while rendering epithets into target text, translator should select words carefully to avoid possible l osses of meaning and expressiveness.The main ways of of epithet translation are calquing, decompression and descriptive paraphrase. 1. 3. parable as a stylistic device and methods of its translation. Simile is an imaginative equation, which is also called literary comparison. â€Å"It consists in an explicit consider of one object (the striving) to another object (the fomite) on the basis of some common feature/characteristic (the ground) [15, p. 102]. ” It is important not to confuse simile with quotidian logical comparison. The last one pressuposes comparison of two objects be to one class of things and is stylistically sluggish (e. g. he works as hard as a miner), while in simile two objects from dissimilar classes are brought unitedly (e. g. â€Å"seven noble candles … eemed white and minute holy mans who would save me [39, p. 102]”). â€Å"Any image is based on the use of similiarity in the midst of two distant objects [1, p. 140]. ” I. G alperin believes that comparison takes into consideration all the properties of the two objects, stressing the one that is compared, while simile excludes all the properties of the two objects except one which is made common to them [31, 167]. According to N. Shapovalova , the structure of simile is formed by combination of the following elements: 1) subject (comparandum), i. e. an object or phenomenon which features are being uncovered via other one; 2) object of comparison (comparatum), i. e. n object or phenomenon which possesses vividly expressed and well-known to the speaker features and, consequently, is used by him for characterization of the object or phenomenon under information; 3) the ground of simile (tertium comparationis), i. e. the property on the basis of which the two objects are compared. It is either mentioned explicitely (e. g. â€Å"the under edge evidently as keen as that of a razor[39, p. 107]”, â€Å"? ?????? ???????? ???? †??????????, ????? ? ? ?????[38, p. 213]”)or left for the recipient to guess. In the latter case simile is richer in associations that may arise. â€Å"If the foundation of a simile is not clear from the context, the author supplies it with a key, making it extended [15, p. 102]. 4) The indicator of comparative degree degree relations, language link element which serves as a draw between the authors view of the object and the very object and therefore ensures integrity of comparative construction [24, 7-8]. The connective affirms that the relationship between the striving and the fomite is an imaginary one, an appearance, a resemblance rather than reality. The presence of such linking element in its structure makes simile incompatible from metaphor. The latter, due to the absence of the formal element and the deduction which this element bears, may convey the relationship between the involved phenomena in several(predicate) way, partially eliminating the authors point of view and giving place for the readers viewpoint.According to the nature of language means expressing comparative relations, O. Molchko devides comparative constructions into two groups: with conjunctions or conjunction-like phrases and without them. Besides, the researcher claims that comparative constructions with conjunctions in both English and Ukrainian languages are a lot more numerous than those without conjunctions [16, p. 294]. Among conjunctions frequently used in similes, as well as in logical comparisons, are: like, as, such as, as if, seem in English; ??, ????, ???, ?????, ???? in Ukrainian. For instance, â€Å"I fell suddenly calm, and lay smiling at the glittering death, as a child at some rare gaud [39, p. 107]”; â€Å"… ???? ????? ? ???? ???????????, ???? ? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? [38, p. 207]. ” In similes without conjunctive elements the link between comparandum and comparatum can be expressed by way of (1) lexical indicator of comparativeness (wh en subject and object in comparative construction are linked to each other by adjective, verb or participle I such as to resemble, to look, to suggest in English and ???????, ????????? in Ukrainian (e. g. â€Å"?? ???????, ??????? ? ????? ? ???????, ???????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? [38, p. 215]”) or (2) adjective in comparative degree (e. g. â€Å"They [lips] appeared to me white â€whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words [39, p. 102]”).The stylistic function of imaginative comparison consists in enrichment of the expressiveness of a literary work by bringing together quite a different objects and, consequently, fate to uncover in the object of comparison, besides its main qualities, a number of additional ones, often quite unexpected. The greater the semantic distance between the striving and the vehicle is in a simile, the more contact lens put up the stylistic device will produce. Thus, an original simile is one of the most aright i mage creating devices. Yu. Skrebnev mentions that simile has manifold forms, semantic features and expressive aims. Simile can be expressed by a simple sentence (e. g. â€Å"There was a unsmooth grating as of a thousand thunders! [39, p. 110]”) or a interlinking sentence with an adverbial article of comparison (e. g. I felt every role in my frame thrill as if I had affected the wire of a galvanic barrage fire [39, p. 102]”); it is often seen in a single immix word (e. g. giant-like). Great number of similes clear become hackneyed in consequence of long usage and are used as idioms, e. g. as kindred as chalk and cheese. These similes are deprived of vision and expressiveness but shut up may be encountered in artistic literature. What makes creative similes stryking is the authors indication of previously unperceived similarity between objects belonging to different classes. Thus, simile may pose a challenge for a translator, who should convey the expressiveness of the image in full.P. Pierini indicates the following translation strategies applicable to simile: 1) literal translation (retention of the same vehicle); 2) replacement of the vehicle with a different one; 3) reduction of the simile, if idiomatic, to its sense; 4) retention of the same vehicle plusexplanation of similarity features; 5) replacement of the vehicle with a point out; 6) omission of the simile [36, p. 31]. A number of scholars, including M. Larson, mention the following techniques for translating simile: 1) holding the same simile; 2) replacing by another simile, but keeping the original meaning; 3) keeping the same simile, but spreading it [33, p. 246].The Translation Studies scholars parting the idea that in some cases the application of a combination of more than one strategy is needed to convey flop the expressiveness of a simile. E. Fadaee assumes that translator before rendering the stylistic device should first assess the background friendship of targe t readers since they may not adjudge the fellowship needed for interpreting the simile. If translator consider the target readership to possess the required information, he will resign the simile unchanged; if the target readership does not share the knowledge, some modifications to the source simile may be required, e. g. addition of some explanatory information [30, p. 177].Therefore, simile, which is a stylistic device consisting in likening one object to another on the basis of a common feature, should be distinguished from logical comparison. Simile can be expressed by a variety of syntactic structures. This trope significantly contributes to the overall expressiveness of a literary work. As far as simile contains individual vision of an object by the author and may also require some background knowledge possessed by the recipients of the original and not shared by the readers of the target culture, translator must be creative and careful while rendering original similes. A number of scholars, including P.Pierini and M. Larson, outline the main ways of translation applicable to simile. 1. 4. The notion of metaphor and problems connected to its translation. The awareness of a mingled and contradictory nature of a metaphor became the main reason for scholarly thought to move in various directions taking into account different surveys of this phenomenon. Thus, P. Newmark under the notion of metaphor means â€Å"any figurative expression: the transferred sense of a physical word, the embodiment of an abstraction, the application of a word or apposition to what it does not literary denote, e. g. to describe one thing in impairment of other [34, p. 106]. Nevertheless, all the definitions tend to share common dominant features and may be summarized by the understanding of a metaphor as â€Å"a trope or figure of speech, which consists in application of a word, denoting a particular class of objects, phenomena, actions or attributive qualities, to charac terize or nominate another object, which is similar to this one in terms of any kind of relationship[2, p. 81]. ” George Lakoff and Mark Johnson find it necessary to emphasize that despite the widespread idea of a metaphor as a means of poetic imagination and rhetorical flourishing, this lexico-stylistic device is also permeating in everyday life not only in language but also in our thought and action, which are fundamen largey metaphorical in nature [32, p. 3]. At the same time, majority of scholars focuses on a metaphor as a powerful means of creating imagery in an artistic work since it is integrally connected with the poetic vision of the world. Of all tropes, metaphor is the most expressive one for it may draw closer or bring together in one synthetic image irreconcilable objects and phenomena, thus interpreting them in a brisk way, revealing their essence, exposing their â€Å"inner nature” by â€Å" drag” them out of their â€Å"automatic”, tradi tional perception [15, p. 69]. ” go back to the issue of relation between metaphor and simile, it would be resonable to cite the reflection of E. Fadaee who believes metaphor to be â€Å"a kind of condensed simile that some move of it, like topic similarity soft touchs, are deleted to convey the meaning connotatively [30, p. 21]. ” Gibb and Wales suggest that the tenor (the object to which the quality of another object is transferred) that is preceeded by a definite article or possessive pronoun is common among items delegate the simile form, whereas metaphor is assigned to the items with no definite article.The scholars also believe that simile seems to be favored in the case of concrete vehicle (the object from which a quality is transferred to another object), whereas metaphor is favorite(a) for abstract vehicle [qtd. in 35, p. 199]. Simile and metaphor are distinguished not only with realise to structural aspect but also semantic one. Simile is more semanti cally specified: it indicates the sign of resemblance; metaphor only implies this sign. A. Morokhovsky considers that simile indicates the transeunt feature, even occasional, unlike metaphor, which indicates permanent feature [17, p. 176]. Metaphors turn out been categorized in different ways depending on the aspect taken as the basis of classification.The most widespread is the classification of metaphors according to the degree of unexpectedness, which divides them into genuine (also called stylistic, fresh, original, poetic, imaginative, or speech) metaphors and shopworn (dead, stale, hackneyed, or language) metaphors. Trite metaphors are word-combinations once metaphorically fresh, which in consequence of long usage have lost their expressiveness and became ordinary entries in dictionaries, e. g. apple of eye. Genuine metaphors are coined by the writers imagination and are always fresh and large, e. g. â€Å"???? ???????? [38, p. 209]. ” The stylistic function of g enuine metaphor is twofold: 1) it evokes images and suggests analogies/associations; 2) it reveals the authors emotional attitude towards what he describes.Poetic metaphor is likely to appeal to a certain image. While uncovering the essence of communicatory images, R. Zorivchak emphasizes that they constitute the basis of any artistic text making it more appealing, picturesque and aesthetically splendiferous and, at the same time, increasing the cognitive value of a literary work. Of particular importance is the cognitive and expressive loading of verbal image, which contributes to realization of the author’s intention [8, p. 51-53]. Besides expressiveness, metaphors also differ in their form. They can be single (one-word) or extended (a collocation, an idiom, a senrence, a proverb, an allegory, a get laid imaginative text).There is a tendency in artistic literature to use metaphor combine with other tropes, thus it would be relevant to look into the issue of metaphor in its relationship with other stylistic devices. As N. Kozhevnikova observes, comparative tropes, which also include metaphors of different types, are closely interrelated. One sense familiarity can be expressed by different concrete utterances, e. g. ???????? ????; ????, ?? ????????; ?????????? ????; ???????; ????? ????????, etc. Poetical language is characterized by a great amount of varying stylistic devices. Such reversibility of tropes is a means of refreshment of trite metaphors, e. g. decomposition into constituing elements and transformation of metaphor into simile [9, p. 146].The combination of simile and metaphor is an heartive device for semantic cohesion of an artistic text: first simile is used and then (sometimes after several phrases or words) the vehicle of the simile is used as that of metaphor [15, p. 71]. For fashion model, â€Å"And then my vision fell upon the seven tall candles upon the table. At first they wore the aspect of charity, and seemed white and sle nder angels who would save me; but then, all at once, there came a most deadly nausea over my spirit, and I felt every fibre in my frame thrill as if I had touched the wire of a galvanic battery, while the angel forms became meaningless spectres, with heads of flame, and I saw that from them there would be no help [39, p. 102]. ” A. Morokhovskyi mentions such trope as simile-metaphor based on metaphorical transference [17, p. 175], e. g. â€Å"the supernal web of some dream [39, p. 102]. ”An important aspect of researching the nature of metaphor concerns the problems arising in the process of its translation. â€Å"Since a metaphor in source language is, by definition, a semantic novelty, it can clearly have no existing â€Å"equivalence” in target language [29, p. 24]. ” The adequate translation presupposes the rendition of stylistic and expressive nuances of the original and should follow the criteria of 1) verbal correspondence of the created image, 2) saving of the image intended in the original, and 3) preservation of the conceptual grounding for the verbal metaphor [26, ?. 186]. several(predicate) approaches have been proposed with regard to metaphor translation, each looking at into the problem from a different point of view. R.Van hideout Broeck suggested to use the following modes of translating metaphors: 1) translation sensu stricto (both source language tenor and vehicle are transferred into target language); 2) substitution (source language vehicle is replaced by a different target language vehicle with more or less the same tenor; in this case source language and target language vehicles may be considered translational equivalents in that they share common tenor); 3) paraphrase (source language metaphor is rendered by a non-metaphorical expression in target language; as a result, target language expression comes up to the level of a commentary rather than of actual translation [27, p. 77].Although embodiment is so metimes treated as a separate stylistic device, it is a metaphor in its essence since the image creation is based on metaphoric substitution. According to K. Lototska, incarnation is â€Å"a metaphor in which abstract ideas or inanimate objects (tenor) are identified with persons (vehicle), i. e. are given human characteristics [15, p. 75]. ” Personification is considered to be a very poverful stylistic device because everything that concerns a man appears to be the most important to him, thus when the human properties, peoples typical qualities and actions are transferred onto inanimate objects, the later begin to assume the last-place importance.The main problem of rendering personification in translation consists in the fact that the gender of personificated nouns in the source language and target language may not coincide. It poses a challenge for a translator when the personificated images of the original are based on the adversary of masculine and feminine gender nou ns and in the translation the corresponding nouns do not create such contrary. Personification may be also individual, without opposition of genders. N. Homon believes that in order to overcome the difficulties in the process of rendering personification into target text lexical substitutes, which allow topreserve the image, are possible [5, p. 40].Thus, poetical metaphor is characterized by significant expressive potential based on transference of some quality from one object to another. Metaphor is clamed to be the most expressive trope which evokes images, reveals the authors emotional attitude towards what he describes and helps to realize the writers intention. The principal classification of this trope is based on the degree of unexpectedness, which devides all metaphors into trite and genuine. The stylistic device can be expressed by different syntactic structures and tends to be accompanied or combined with other tropes in artistic text. Among the methods applied to metapho r in the process of translation the most common are translation sensu stricto, substitution and paraphrase. CHAPTER 2. E. A.POES SHORT baloney THE PIT AND THE PENDULUM AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ITS EMOTION CREATING LEXICO-STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE Ukrainian TRANSLATION BY R. DOTSENKO 2. 1. Characteristic features of E. A. Poes short story The Pit and the Pendulum. The Pit and the Pendulum is a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe, an American author, poet, editor and literary critic best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. It was first published in 1842 in the literary one-year The Gift: A Christmas and New Years Present for 1843. The story is about the torments endured by a Spanish hunt prisoner, who describes his experience of being tortured. This particular piece of literature by E. A.Poe differs significantly from the rest of the authors works in the fact that it is especially effective at stir fear in the reader because of its heavy focus on the senses emphasizing the reality of the story, unlike other Poes short stories which are aided by the supernatural. condescension its small size, the story abounds in stylistic devices, namely epithets (44 samples), similes (18 samples) and mataphors (12 samples). The stylistic devices used by the author are aimed to express emotions of the fibber and, accordingly, convey the atmosphere of inquiry and torture. As one would expect, emotions which are being created by the above mentioned stylistic device in the story under research are negative and glooming in their nature. The most clearly can be traced emotions of horror, disgust and desperation.While conveying emotion of horror with the help of stylistic devices, the author makes use of verbal means refering to the sphere of the otherworld and that of evil spirits, e. g. â€Å"All sensations appeared swallowed up in a mad rushing birth as of the soul into Hades[39, p. 102]. ” The emotion of disgust is produced by means of tropes composed o f verbal means already containing the seme of this emotion in their semantic structure, e. g. â€Å"The entire surface of this all-metal enclosure was rudely daubed in all the hideous and repulsive devices to which the charnel superstition of the monks has given rise [39, p. 106]”. In creating emotion of desperation E. A.Poe avails of stylistic devices comprising words which convey vagueness, powerlessness, or desperate effort, e. g. â€Å"At length, with a wild desperation at heart, I readily unclosed my eyes [39, p. 103]. ” Lexico-stylistic devices of the story are the main and major means for creation of negative emotions intended by the author and create the overall atmosphere of the litersry work. Therefore, an adecuate reproduction of tropes is essential, as far as expressive and emotive verbal means combined in emphatic structures of different stylistic devices acquire greater expressive potential. 2. 2. The reproduction of emotion creating epithets, similes and metaphors of the short story by E. A. Poe in the Ukrainian translation by R. Dotsenko. â€Å"And then there stole into my fancy, like a rich musical note, the thought of what sweet rest there must be in the grave [39, p. 102]. ” * â€Å"? ????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????-?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? [38, p. 208]. ” The epithet in the exercising above conveys the emotion of hard horror. Instinct for self-preservation is inherent in human nature, as well as fear of death, but the main character is already so much jade by the very long waiting for future torture that even death for him seems to be a pleasant escape. Obviously, the torture in the story consists not in physical torment but in psychological pressure on the victim, whichis more pestiferous and unbearable as the development of the plot shows.The epithet construction is paradoxal since it uncovers extraordinary view on traditional lie of the land and, consequently, bears a tinge of irony, especially if to take into consideration that the narrator describes the events after he already overcame the danger and survived. R. Dotsenkos epithet construction can be considered as a full equivalent to the original one as far as both cnostructions are equal not only in general content but also in componential structure and stylistic, emotional and expressive shades. The transformation of original place auto-changer (consisting from preposition and noun) into adjective in translation is quite exclusivelyifiable as it makes translation sound smoothly and with abandon. * â€Å"All sensations appeared swallowed up in a mad rushing de smelling as of the soul into Hades [39, p. 102]. * â€Å"??? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????, ?? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ? ???? ????? [38, p. 208]. ” As it was mentioned in Chapter I, different stylistic devices often accompany and complement each other in literary work, thus producing compound emotiona l effect. The example above constitutes a complex image of horror consisting of metaphor ( business is personified by way of transferrence on it of living being characteristic denoted by phrasal verb swallow up) and epithets and simile which vivify its tenor. It is essential to mention that metaphor makes it possible for readers to cognize the notions belonging to the sphere of abstractions, that is why metaphor as a stylistic device is especially helpful in conveying emotions.The personification was preserved by the translator and, what is more, made more explicit due to elimination of preposition inand use of active voice instead of still as in the original. The simile complementing the metaphor contains allusion to Hellenic mythology where Hades is an underworld containing â€Å"the Plain of Asphodel, where the ghosts of the dead led a vague, unsubstantial life, a shadowy perpetuation of their former life [45, p. 172]. ” The term hades is also used in the Septuag int (the ancient translation of the old Testament into Greek) referring to the abode of the dead in general rather than the abode of the wicked. It has little if any relation to afterlife rewards or punishments.The Ukrainian term ????? (English equivalent to which will be hell) is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"????? ??? ??????, ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? [41, v. 6, p. 111]. ” Thereby R. Dotsenko replaced the vehicle of the simile with different one which may be considered more exspressive in terms of conveying horror. The allusion to Greek mythology was conveyed partially through and through the substitution of original tenor of the metaphor descent with ????? in translation since â€Å"the land of the dead was isolated from the land of the living by one of the rivers of Hades, the Styx or the Acheron across which the dead were ferried [45, p. 172]. ” Thus, explicit allusion of the original became implicit in the translation. â€Å" Then, very suddenly, thought, and shuddering terror, and earnest endeavor to comprehend my true state [39, p. 103]. ” * â€Å"? ????????? †?????, ??????? ???, ??????? ????? ????????, ?? ? ?? ? [38, p. 209]. ” In the above example the author calls up to the readers foreland the emotion of horror by using the noun terror and intensifies its denotative meaning with epithet shuddering (as an adjective from shudder which is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"to swing because you are cold or frightened, or because of a strong feeling [43, p. 1360]”). This is a good example of transferred epithet as far as not the terror itself shudders but the person who is experiencing this emotion. In translation R.Dotsenko substituted the original epithet by the word ??????? which has direct meaning â€Å"???? ???????? ????; ???? ???????, ??????” and transferred one, â€Å"???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??????, ????????? [41, v. 6, p. 113]. ” T hus, in the original the striking effect was achieved by using originally logical attribute generally describing the state of a human being for referring to an abstract phenomenon, while in the translation the analogous effect was created due to intertwinement of direct and transferred meanings of the word. Although semantically the translated epithet is not equivalent to the original one, it produces the same effect intended by the writer.This fact affords the ground for regarding the translation in the given case adequate since accuracy in the translation of artistic literature is achieved not by means of direct translation but due to deviations and appropriate substitutions which ensure the appropriate rendering of the authors ideas and intent. * â€Å"A slight noise attracted my notice, and, looking to the floor, I saw several enormous rats traversing it. They had issued from the well, which lay just within view to my right. Even then, while I gazed, they came up in troops, hur riedly, with ravenous eyes, allured by the scent of the meat [39, p. 106]. ” * â€Å"????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????, ?, ????????? ?? ???????, ? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ? ????????, ????????????? ? ???? ???? ????, ???????? ??? ????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????, ? ?? ????? ????? â€?????????, ???????, ?????????? ??????? ???? [38, p. 214]. ”In this excerpt the author characterizes rats by using transferred epithet construction ravenous eyes and modifying construction allured by the scent of the meat; besides, the mode of rats travelling is characterised by epithet in form of adverb hurriedly. The translator desided to refer all three epithets to the actualizator of the trope, rats (for this reason he changed adverb into adjective and eliminated the actualizator eyes in the transferred epithet construction). Consequently, in the translation a chain of identical members-epithets was formed, which created an effect of gradation wi th culmination in the last element. This gradation can be considered as a compensation for the effect created by the heterogeneity of epithet chain in the original, and especially, the expressiveness of the transferred epithet construction. â€Å"These colors had now assumed, and were momentarily assuming, a galvanize and most severe brilliancy, that gave to the spectral and fiendish portraitures an aspect that might have thrilled even firmer nerves than my own [39, p. 109]. ” * â€Å"??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????? ? ?????, ? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????, ??? ? ???? [38, p. 219]. ” transaction with translation of the first epithet construction in the above excerpt R. Dotsenko substituted epithets expressed by adjectives startling and most intense by combination of epithets expressed by means of adverb ???????? and adjective ????????.The translati on was made with regard to the overall imagery of the literary work which abounds in verbal means denoting phenomena related to ghostly conceptions of hell and evil spirits. Besides, the word combination ???????? ???????? outright brings to mind the image of the rousing and burning hell-fire which is considered to be the scariest and the most intense one. Thus, the translation is adequate since the translated variant harmoniously fits the imagery of the translated literary work and conveys the the authors intent being loaded with emotional expressiveness. The second epithet construction the spectral and fiendish portraitures was handled with ease. With regard to the core of the trope, R. Dotsenko applied calque translation having conveyed both denotative and connotative sense layers.The word portraitures was rendered as ??????? which has adapted denotative meaning in the given context and also has no connotations as well as the original activator of the trope. Thus, the whole epi thet construction was translated adequatly. * â€Å"These shadows of remembrance notify, indistinctly, of tall figures that lifted and bore me in sleek over down†down†still down †till a hideous vertigo oppressed me at the mere idea of the interminableness of the descent [39, p. 103]. ” * â€Å"?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ????, ????, ??? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????-???? ?? ???? [38, p. 209]. ”In this example R. Dotsenko split the original epithet construction and translated the noun dizziness by means of verb ????????????; both words share the same denotative meaning. Further in the hot context the epithet construction was compensated for by adding epithet ???????, which is fully equivalent to hideous, to the word ?????. The emotion of disgust thereby was preserved in the translated utterance. * â€Å"They tell also of a vague horror at my heart, on account of that hearts unnatural stillness [39, p. 103]. ” * â€Å"?? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ????, ?????, ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????? [38, p. 09]. ” The epithet in the above original sentence describes the horror which is just spawning in the face of something unknown and obscure. The epithet construction was translated as ?????? ???. The direct meaning of ?????? is â€Å"??????????? ????, ????????? ??????; ?????????? ??????”, from which originates the transferred one, â€Å"???? ?? ???????, ?? ??????? ????, ?? ???????????? ???????; ????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??-?????? [41, v. 9, p. 361]. ” Consequently, the form of horror in the translation is much stronger as that in the original since it is so terrible that hinders a person to think or to act, it is a kind of paralysing fear.On the one hand, the translated epithet construction is more striking in compa rison to the original one in the framework of contrastive analysis of this particular case. On the other hand, it fits perfectly the overall imagery of the story and significantly contributes to the enspiring emotion of terror. Therefore, the translation is still considered as adequate. * â€Å"At length, with a wild desperationat heart, I promptly unclosed my eyes [39, p. 103]. ” * â€Å"??????? ? ????????????? ??????, ? ????? ????????? ??? [38, p. 209]. ” This is a bright example of partial epithet equivalents. The original epithet construction can be literary translated as ????? ?????? (??????, â€Å"??????? ???????? ????????? ????, ?????????????; ?????? [41, v. 1, p. 659]”).This feeling of desperation was recreated by means of adjective ???????????? meaning â€Å"???? ??????? ??????, ????????? ??? [41, v. 1, p. 659]. ” liquid this emotion as rendered in the translation is absent amplification produced in the original by epithet wild which is used for somebody or something â€Å" deficient discipline or control [43, p. 1683]. ” In other words, the original epithet construction is fully strong on the emotion; epithet wild amplifes and intensifies the emotion of terror. The original construction is also followed by modifier of place at heart since humans consider heart to be the place where emotions are born, and what is from heart, that is beyond the control of reason.In the translation the focus is shifted from desperation to ?????, the word which is purely a product of the translators creativity. ?????, being defined in the dictionary as â€Å"??????, ???????? ???; ????? [41, v. 7, p. 252]”, fits the utterance and relates to the fast(a) move of unclosing eyes. Thus, given epithet costructions are partial equivalents. They differ in their componential structure but are almost equal in emotional, expressive and stylistic characteristics ensuring full adequacy of translation. * â€Å"Free! I had but escap ed death in one form of agony, to be delivered unto worsened than death in some other [39, p. 109]. ” * â€Å"???????! ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????????? [38, p. 219]. ” The original excerpt contains simile worse than death which contains highly expressive and negatively coloured evaluation of a form of death. The translator omitted in his translation simile comparing one form of death to other by means of comparative degree of adjective ???????? (which in its denotative meaning is more expressive than English worse and more helpful in creating emotion of horror). R. Dotsenko compensated for simile by way of adding in translation word ?????? and in this manner likening on the basis of metaphorical transferrence abstract notion of death to frighten creature.Thus, stylistic effect of original simile and its emotional loading were compensated for by translators creative conclusiveness to introduce personification. * â€Å"It w as hold †the bank that triumphs on the tormentâ€that whispers to the death-condemned even in the dungeons of the Inquisition [39, p. 108]. ” * â€Å"?? ?????, ?? ???? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? [38, p. 217]. ” The excerpt represents an example of personification where abstract notion denoted by noun hope aqcuires ability to act, particularly perform actions (to thriumph and to whisper) typical of humans.This personification aims at conveying a spark of optimism which is spawning in the narrators heart. In the English language the word hope has symbolic feminine gender, thus in this personification hope appeares as a adult female reenforcement a man in all the visitation he undergoes. Fortunately, Ukrainian equivalent ????? is of feminine gender as well, therefore, the image of a supportive woman was preserved. However, there were introduced two changes in the translated variant. Firstly, rack is defined in the dictionary â€Å"an instrument of torture, used in the past for punishing and hurting people. Their arms and legs were tie to the wooden frame and then pulled in opposite directions, stretching the body [43, p. 1195]. ” R.Dotsenko applied method of elicitation and translated rack by hyperonym ???????. Secondly, the translator added ????? ?????, which still doent harm the image, but just expresses the tithe of comfort given to the narrator by this hope. The personification was successfully rendered into the target text. The translator managed to preserve the image as well as its expressivenes and emotive loading. * â€Å"Inch by adjoin †line by line â€with a descent only appreciable at intervals that seemed ages†down and still down it came! [39, p. 107]” * â€Å"???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ???????, †??? ????????, ??, ?????????, ???? ????????, ???? ?? ????????, †??????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ????? [38,  p. 215]. ”The original simile is small and consists in exaggeration by way of comparing those relatively long intervals, at which the pendulum descended, to the big span of time which lasts for ages, and in this way conveying oppression andmoral horrorsof the narrator caused by the continued expectation of long excruciating death. R. Dotsenko retained the vehicle of the trope but shifted the tenor of the simile from intervals to ?????????. Besides, the translator introduced the ground of the simile expressed by word combination ??? ????????. The structure of translated simile is much more complicated than that of the original trope. The tenor stands separately in the second part of the main sentence.The part of the simile which follows a formal marker of comparion represents constitutes a full-fledged complex sentence. The original simile, on the contrary, is simple in structure and forms a part of an isolated member of a sentence. Although translated simile is not equiv alent to the original one from the viewpoint of structure, it is considered to be an adequate translation substitute for the original trope since it recreates emotion of hopelessness accompanied by agonise suspense. * â€Å"A deep sleep fell upon me â€a sleep like that of death[39, p. 105]. ” * â€Å"? ?????? ???????? ???? †??????????, ????? ? ??????[38, p. 213]. ” In the above example the original simile underwent a few changes in the translation. Firstly, R.Dotsenko eliminates the repeated mentioning of the comparandum; instead, the translator adds its characteristic ??????????, thereby making the ground of the simile explicit. Besides, like that of death was turned into ????? ? ??????. The substitution is adequate, it conveys the message of the author and creates the intended emotion of fear which emerges with mentioning all which is associated with death. However, the original simile with implicit ground leaves more space for readers imagination since a r ange of various characteristics may come to their mind at the same time, thus making the original utterance more expressive than translated one. Thus, translating the simile R.Dotsenko replaced the vehicle and explained the similarity feature. Though being determined and hold by explicit gro\r\n'